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INFORMATIONAL
Network Working Group D. Estrin
Request for Comments: 1940 USC
Category: Informational T. Li
Y. Rekhter
cisco Systems
K. Varadhan
D. Zappala
USC
May 1996
Source Demand Routing:
Packet Format and Forwarding Specification (Version 1).
Status of this Memo
This memo provides information for the Internet community. This memo
does not specify an Internet standard of any kind. Distribution of
this memo is unlimited.
1. Overview
The purpose of SDRP is to support source-initiated selection of
routes to complement the route selection provided by existing routing
protocols for both inter-domain and intra-domain routes. This
document refers to such source-initiated routes as "SDRP routes".
This document describes the packet format and forwarding procedure
for SDRP. It also describes procedures for ascertaining feasibility
of SDRP routes. Other components not described here are routing
information distribution and route computation. This portion of the
protocol may initially be used with manually configured routes. The
same packet format and processing will be usable with dynamic route
information distribution and computation methods under development.
The packet forwarding protocol specified here makes minimal
assumptions about the distribution and acquisition of routing
information needed to construct the SDRP routes. These minimal
assumptions are believed to be sufficient for the existing Internet.
Future components of the SDRP protocol will extend capabilities in
this area and others in a largely backward-compatible manner.
This version of the packet forwarding protocol sends all packets with
the complete SDRP route in the SDRP header. Future versions will
address route setup and other enhancements and optimizations.
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2. Model of operations
An Internet can be viewed as a collection of routing domains
interconnected by means of common subnetworks, and Border Routers
(BRs) attached to these subnetworks. A routing domain itself may be
composed of further subnetworks, routers interconnecting these
subnetworks, and hosts. This document assumes that there is some
type of routing present within the routing domain, but it does not
assume that this intra-domain routing is coordinated or even
consistent.
For the purposes of this discussion, a BR belongs to only one domain.
A pair of BRs, each belonging to a different domain, but attached to
a common subnetwork, form an inter-domain connection. By definition,
packets that traverse multiple domains must traverse BRs of these
domains. Note that a single physical router may act as multiple BRs
for the purposes of this model.
A pair of domains is said to be adjacent if there is at least one
pair of BRs, one in each domain, that form an inter-domain
connection.
Each domain has a globally unique identifier, called a Domain
Identifier (DI). All the BRs within a domain need to know the DI
assigned to the domain. Management of the DI space is outside the
scope of this document. This document assumes that Autonomous System
(AS) numbers are used as DIs. A domain path (or simply path) refers
to a list of DIs such as might be taken from a BGP AS path [1, 2, 3]
or an IDRP RD path [4]. We refer to a route as the combination of a
network address and domain paths. The network addresses are
represented by NLRI (Network Layer Reachability Information) as
described in [3].
This document assumes that the routing domains are congruent to the
autonomous systems. Thus, within the content of this document, the
terms autonomous system and routing domain can be used
interchangeably.
An application residing at a source host inside a domain,
communicates with a destination host at another domain. An
intermediate router in the path from the source host to the
destination host may decide to forward the packet using SDRP. It can
do this by encapsulating the entire IP packet from the source host in
an SDRP packet. The router that does this encapsulation is called
the "encapsulating router."
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2.1 SDRP routes
A component in an SDRP route is either a DI (AS number) or an IP
address. Thus, an SDRP route is defined as a sequence of domains
and routers, syntactically expressed as a sequence of DIs and IP
addresses. Thus an SDRP route is a collection of source routed
hops.
Each component of the SDRP route is called a "hop." The packet
traverses each component of the SDRP route exactly once. When a
router corresponding to one of the components of the SDRP route
receives the packet from a router corresponding to the previous
component of the SDRP route, the router will process the packet
according to the SDRP forwarding rules in this packet. The next
component of the SDRP route that this router will forward the
packet to, is called the "next hop," with respect to this router
and component of the SDRP route.
An SDRP hop can either be a "strict" source routed hop, or a
"loose" source routed hop. A strict source route hop is one in
which, if the next hop specified is a DI, refers to an immediately
adjacent domain, and the packet will be forwarded directly to a
route within the domain; if the next hop specified is an IP
address, refers to an immediately adjacent router on a common
subnetwork. Any other kind of a source route hop is a loose
source route hop.
A route is a "strict source route" if the current hop being
executed is processed as a strict source route hop. Likewise, a
route is a "loose source route" if the current hop being executed
is processed as a loose source route hop.
It is assumed that each BR participates in the intra-domain
routing protocol(s) (IGPs) of the domain to which the BR belongs.
Thus, a BR may forward a packet to any other BR in its own domain
using intra-domain routing procedures. Forwarding a packet
between two BRs that form an inter-domain connection requires
neither intra-domain nor the inter-domain routing procedures (an
inter-domain connection is a common Layer 2 subnetwork).
It is also assumed that all routers participate in the intra-
domain routing protocol(s) (IGPs) of the domain to which they
belong.
While SDRP does not require that all domains have a common network
layer protocol, all the BRs in the domains along a given SDRP
route are required to support a common network layer. This
document specifies SDRP operations when that common network layer
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protocol is IP ([5]).
While this document requires all the BRs to support IP, the
document does not preclude a BR from additionally supporting other
network layer protocols as well (e.g., CLNP, IPX, AppleTalk). If
a BR supports multiple network layers, then for the purposes of
this model, the BR must maintain multiple Forwarding Information
Bases (FIBs), one per network layer.
2.2 SDRP encapsulation
Forwarding an IP packet along an SDRP route is accomplished by
encapsulating the entire packet in an SDRP packet. An SDRP packet
consists of the SDRP header followed by the SDRP data. The SDRP
header carries the SDRP route constructed by the domain that
originated the SDRP packet. The SDRP data carries the original
packet that the source domain decided to forward via SDRP.
An SDRP packet is carried across domains as the data portion of an
IP packet with protocol number 42.
This document refers to the IP header of a packet that carries an
SDRP packet as the delivery IP header (or just the delivery
header). This document refers to the packet carried as SDRP data
s the payload packet, and the IP header of the payload packet is
the payload header.
Thus, an SDRP Packet can be represented as follows:
+-------------------+--------------+-------------------
| Delivery header | SDRP header | SDRP data
| (IP header) | | (Payload packet)
+-------------------+--------------+--------------------
Each SDRP route may have an MTU associated with it. An MTU of an
SDRP route is defined as the maximum length of the payload packet
that can be carried without fragmentation of an SDRP packet. This
means that the SDRP MTU as seen by the transport layer and
applications above the transport layer is the actual link MTU less
the length of the Delivery and SDRP headers. Procedures for MTU
discovery are specified in Section 9.
2.3 D-FIB
It is assumed that a BR participates in either BGP or IDRP. A BR
participating in SDRP augments its FIBs with a D-FIB that contains
routes to domains. A route to a domain is a triplet <DI, Next-
Hop, NLRI>, where DI depicts a destination domain, Next-Hop
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depicts the IP address of the next-hop BR, and NLRI depicts the
set of reachable destinations within the destination domain. D-
FIBs are constructed based on the information obtained from either
BGP, IDRP, or configuration information.
An SDRP packet is forwarded across multiple domains by utilizing
the forwarding databases (both FIBs and D-FIBs) maintained by the
BRs.
The operational status of SDRP routes is monitored via passive
(Error Reporting) and active (Route Probing) mechanisms. The Error
Reporting mechanism provides the originator of the SDRP route with
a failure notification. The Probing mechanism provides the
originator of the SDRP route with confirmation of a route's
feasibility.
3. SDRP Packet format
The total length of an SDRP packet (header plus data) can be
determined from the information carried in the delivery IP header.
The length of the payload packet can be determined from the total
length of an SDRP packet and the length of its SDRP Header.
The following describes the format of an SDRP packet.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Ver |D|S|P| | Hop Count |SourceProtoType| Payload Type |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Source Route Identifier |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Target Router |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Prefix |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| PrefixLength | Notification |SrcRouteLength | NextHopPtr |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Source Route ...
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Payload ....
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Version and Flags (1 octet)
The SDRP version number and control flags are coded in the first
octet. Bit 0 is the most significant bit, bit 7 is the least
significant bit.
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Version (bits 0 through 2)
The first three bits contain the Version field indicating
the version number of the protocol. The value of this field
is set to 1.
Flags (bits 3 through 7)
Data packet/Control packet (bit 3)
If the bit is set to 1, then the packet carries data.
Otherwise, the packet carries control information.
Loose/Strict Source Route (bit 4)
The Loose/Strict Source Route indicator is used when
making a forwarding decision (see Section 5.2). If this
bit is set to 1, it indicates that the next hop is a
Strict Source Route Hop. If this bit is set to 0, it
indicates that the next hop is a Loose Source Route.
Probe Indicator (bit 5)
The Probe Indicator is used by the originator of the
route to request verification of the route's feasibility
(see Sections 4 and 7.1). If this bit is set to 1, it
indicates that the originator is probing the route. This
bit should always be set to 0 for control packets.
Hop Count (1 octet)
The Hop Count field carries the maximum number of routers an
SDRP data packet may traverse. It is decremented by 1 as an
SDRP data packet traverses a router which forwards the packet
using SDRP forwarding. Once the Hop Count field reaches the
value of 0, the router should discard the data packet and
generate a control packet (see Section 5.2.6). A router that
receives a packet with a Hop Count value of 0 should discard
the data packet, and generate a control packet (see Section
5.2.6).
Source Route Protocol Type (1 octet)
The Source Route Protocol Type fields indicates the type of
information that appears in the source route. The value 1 in
this field indicates that the contents of the source route are
as described in this document and indicates an Explicit Source
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Route. The value 2 in this field indicates a Route Setup. The
syntax of the source route for this value is identical to a
value of 1, but also has additional semantics which are defined
in other documents.
Payload Protocol Type (1 octet)
The Payload Protocol Type field indicates the protocol type of
the payload. If the payload is an IP datagram, then this field
should contain the value 1.
Note that this Payload Protocol Type is not the same as the IP
protocol type[5,7].
Source Route Identifier (4 octets)
The BR that originates the SDRP packet should insert a 32 bit
value in this field which will serve as an identifier for the
source route. This value needs to be unique only in the
context of the originating BR.
Target Router (4 octets)
This field is meaningful only in control packets.
The Target Router field contains one of the IP addresses of the
router that originated the SDRP packet that triggered the
control packet to be returned.
Prefix (4 octets)
The Prefix field contains an IP address prefix. Only the
number of bits specified in the Prefix Length are significant.
The Prefix field is used to prevent routing loops when using
BGP or IDRP to route to the next AS in a loose source route
(see Section 4).
Prefix Length (1 octet)
The Prefix Length field indicates the length in bits of the IP
address prefix. A length of zero indicates a prefix that
matches all IP addresses.
Notification Code (1 octet)
This field is only meaningful in control packets. In
data packets, this field is transmitted as zero, and
should be ignored on receipt.
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This document defines the following values for the
Notification Code:
1 - No Route Available
2 - Strict Source Route Failed
3 - Transit Policy Violation
4 - Hop Count Exceeded
5 - Probe Completed
6 - Unimplemented SDRP version
7 - Unimplemented Source Route Protocol Type
8 - Setup Request Rejected
Source Route Length (1 octet)
The Source Route Length field indicates the length in 32 bit
words of the domain level source route carried in the SDRP
Header.
Next Hop Pointer (1 octet)
The Next Hop Pointer field indicates the offset of the high-
order byte of the next hop along the route that the packet has
to be forwarded. This offset is relative to the start of the
Source Route field; so if the value of the Next Hop Pointer
field equals the value of the Source Route Length field, then
the entire source route has been completely traversed. All
other source routes are said to be incompletely traversed.
Source Route (variable)
The components of the source route are syntactically IP
addresses.
An IP address from network 128.0.0.0 is used to encode a next
hop that is a domain. The least significant two octets contain
the DI, which is an Internet Autonomous System number.
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0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| 128 . 0 | D. I. |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
An IP address from the network 127.0.0.0 is used to encode
characteristics of the source route. The least significant
three octets are used as a Source Route Change field.
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| 127 | Source Route Change |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Source Route Change (3 octets)
Loose/Strict Source Route Change (bit 1)
The Loose/Strict Source Route Change bit reflects a new
value of the Loose/Strict Source Route bit in the SDRP
header. The value of the Loose/Strict Source Route
Change bit is copied into the Loose/Strict Source Route
bit in the SDRP header when a Source Route Change field
is encountered in processing an SDRP packet.
The rest of the Source Route Change field is transmitted as
zero, and should be ignored on receipt.
Payload (variable)
The Payload field carries the datagram originated by the end-
system within the domain that constructed the SDRP packet. The
Payload field forms the data portion of the SDRP packet. In a
control packet this field may be empty or may carry the payload
header of the packet that triggered the control message (see
5.2.5). Note that there is no padding between the Source Route
and the Payload, and that the Payload may start at any
arbitrary octet boundary.
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4. Originating SDRP Data packets
This document assumes that a router that originates SDRP packets is
preconfigured with a set of SDRP routes. Procedures for constructing
these routes are outside the scope of this document. SDRP packet
forwarding may be deployed initially without additional routing
protocol support.
An application on a source host generates packets that must be
delivered to a given destination. The packet traverses the Internet
by following normal hop-by-hop routing information. An intermediate
router in the path between the source host and the destination host
may decide to forward some of these packets via SDRP.
When this router receives an IP datagram, the router uses the
information in the datagram and the local criteria to determine
whether the datagram should be forwarded along a particular SDRP
route. Associated with each set of criteria is a set of one or more
SDRP routes that should be used to route matching packets. The exact
nature of the criteria is a local matter. The only restrictions this
document places on the applicability of SDRP routes is that an IP
datagram that contains a strict source route should not be forwarded
along an SDRP route, that SDRP encapsulation should never be applied
to an SDRP packet, and that if SDRP is used with inter-domain routes,
the destination domain must also run SDRP.
If the router decides to forward a datagram along a particular SDRP
route, the router constructs the SDRP packet by placing the original
datagram into the Payload field of the SDRP packet and constructing
the SDRP header based on the selected SDRP route. The Next Hop
pointer is set to 0 (the first entry in the Source Route field of the
SDRP packet). The value of the Time To Live field in the payload
header should be copied into the Hop Count field of the SDRP header.
Even if we assume that interior routing is loop free, it is possible,
either due to the state of inter-domain routing or due to other SDRP
routers, that a domain level source route that does not terminate
with the intended destination domain may lead a packet into a routing
loop. Originating SDRP routers that wish to insure that this does
not occur should include a final domain level hop of the
destination's domain, i.e. specify the SDRP route as <DI1, DI2, DI3>
instead of <DI1, DI2>, if the destination host is in domain DI3. The
means for determining the DI of the destination domain is outside of
the scope of this document.
Similarly, when using SDRP for interior routing, it is possible that
the source route does not coincide with IGP routing. In this case,
one means of preventing a loop is to specify the last hop router's IP
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address as the last address within the source route. The
encapsulating router can do this by specifying the source route to
reach destination host IP3 as <IP1, IP2, IP3> instead of <IP1, IP2>.
The source address field in the delivery header should contain an IP
address of the router. The value of the Don't Fragment flag of the
delivery header is copied from the Don't Fragment flag of the payload
header. The value of the Type Of Service field in the delivery
header is copied from the Type Of Service field in the payload
header. If the payload header contains an IP security option, that
option is replicated as an option in the delivery header. All other
IP options in the payload header must be ignored.
If the SDRP route that is used is learned from IDRP, then the TOS
corresponding to this route is copied into the TOS field in the
delivery header.
The resulting SDRP packet is then forwarded as described in Section
5.2.2.
If the encapsulating router decides to forward a datagram along a
particular SDRP route that has an MTU smaller than the length of the
datagram, then if the payload header has the Don't Fragment flag set
to 1, the router should generate an ICMP Destination Unreachable
message with a code meaning "fragmentation needed and DF set" in
accordance with [6]. The ICMP message must be sent to the original
source host. The router should then discard the original datagram.
If a router has learned an MTU for a particular SDRP route, either
via ICMP messages or via configuration information, and it determines
that an SDRP packet must be fragmented before transmission, then it
first calculates the the effective MTU seen by the payload packet.
If the effective MTU is greater than or equal to 512 bytes, the
router SHOULD first fragment the payload packet using normal IP
fragmentation. SDRP packets are then constructed for each fragment,
as describe above. Otherwise, the router should first form the SDRP
packet, and then fragment it.
A router may use locally originated SDRP packets to verify the
feasibility of its SDRP routes. To do this the router sets the value
of the Probe Indicator field in the SDRP packet to 1. Receipt of an
SDRP control packet by the originating router with the "Probe
Completed" Notification Code (see Section 7.1) indicates feasibility
of the SDRP route. Persistent lack of SDRP control packets with the
"Probe Completed" Notification Code should be used as an indication
that the associated SDRP route is not feasible.
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5. Processing SDRP packets
We say that a router receives an SDRP packet if the destination
address field in the delivery header of the packet arriving at the
router contains one of the IP addresses of the router.
When a router receives an SDRP packet, the router extracts the Source
Route Protocol field from the SDRP header.
5.1 Supporting Transit Policies
A router may be able to verify that a packet that it is given to
forward does not violate any of the transit policies that may exist,
of the domain to which the router belongs. Specific verification
mechanisms are a matter that is local to the router and are outside
the scope of this document.
The restriction on the verification mechanisms is that they may take
into account only the contents of the SDRP header, the payload
header, and transport protocol header of the payload packet.
With SDRP a domain may enforce its transit policies by applying
filters based on the information present in the IP Header. For
example a router may initially carefully filter all SDRP traffic from
all possible sources. A filter that allows certain SDRP traffic from
selected sources to pass through the router could then be installed
dynamically to pass similar types of traffic. Thus, by caching
appropriate filtering information, a transit domain can efficiently
support transit policies. Other mechanisms for supporting transit
policy and implementation techniques are not precluded by this
document.
If the router detects that the SDRP packet violates a domain's
transit policy it sends back an SDRP control packet to the
encapsulating router and discards the violating packet.
SDRP control packets are not subject to transit policies.
If a router does not discard an SDRP packet due to a transit policy
violation, then the router attempts to forward it as specified in
Section 5.2.
5.2 Forwarding SDRP packets
Procedures for forwarding of an SDRP packet depend on
a) whether the router has the routing information needed to
forward the packet;
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b) whether the SDRP route has been completely traversed;
c) whether the SDRP route is strict or loose, and
d) whether the packet is a data or control packet.
When forwarding an SDRP packet (either data or control) a router
should not modify the following fields in the delivery header:
a) Source Address
b) Don't Fragment flag
If the Source Route Protocol Type of a packet indicates a Route Setup
and the router does not or cannot support setup, the router MAY send
the encapsulating router a control packet with a Notification Code of
Setup Request Rejected. It MAY then modify the data packet so that
the Source Route Protocol Type is Explicit Source Route and the Probe
Indicator bit is 0, then forwards the packet as described below. The
router MAY send notification of a failed setup request only
periodically. Alternately, a router MAY silently drop the Route
Setup packet.
5.2.1 Forwarding algorithm pseudo-code
The following pseudo-code gives an overview of the SDRP forwarding
algorithm. Please consult the text below for more details.
Let LOCAL_DI be the DI of the domain of the local system, let
NEXT_HOP be the next hop in the source route if the source route has
not been completely traversed, let NEXT_DI be the DI portion of
NEXT_HOP if NEXT_HOP is from network 128.0.0.0, and let NEXT_ROUTER
be the IP address of the next router if the packet is to be forwarded
using SDRP. We say that NEXT_DI is adjacent if the local domain is
adjacent to the domain that has NEXT_DI as its DI, and we say that
NEXT_ROUTER is adjacent if it represents an IP address of a router
that shares a link with the current router. Normal IP forwarding
refers to forwarding that can be accomplished using FIBs constructed
via BGP, IDRP or one or more IGPs.
The pseudo code requires sending control messages in a number of
places. All such control messages must be sent to the encapsulating
router, which is indicated in the source address of the delivery
header. Note too that all intermediate SDRP routers that process an
SDRP packet must ensure that the source address of the delivery
header is left untouched, since this source address is the address of
the encapsulating router to which any control messages must be sent.
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if the packet is a control packet begin
if the Target Router equals an address assigned to the
local router begin
remove the delivery header
process information carried in the control packet
return
end if
if the packet can be forwarded using normal IP forwarding begin
set Next Hop Pointer to Source Route Length
forward the packet using normal IP forwarding
return
end if
end if
if the version field is not 1 begin
if the packet is a data packet begin
generate a control packet with "Unimplemented SDRP version"
end if
discard the packet
return
end if
if the source route protocol type is not 1 begin
if the packet is a data packet begin
generate a control packet with "Unimplemented source route
protocol type"
end if
discard the packet
return
end if
if the Hop Count field is greater than 0 begin
decrement the Hop Count field
end if
if the Hop Count field is 0 begin
if the packet is a data packet begin
generate a control packet with "Hop Count Exceeded"
end if
discard the packet
return
end if
if the packet is a data packet begin
if the packet violates transit policy begin
generate a control packet with "Transit Policy Violation"
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discard the data packet
return
end if
end if
set mode to NONE
set advanced to FALSE
if Next Hop Ptr does not equal Source Route Length begin
set NEXT_HOP to the next hop in the source route
while mode equals NONE begin
if NEXT_HOP is from network 127.0.0.0 begin
set the Loose/Strict Source Route bit equal to
the Loose/Strict Source Route Change bit
else if NEXT_HOP is from network 128.0.0.0 begin
set NEXT_DI to the least significant two octets of NEXT_HOP
if NEXT_DI is not equal to LOCAL_DI begin
set mode to DOMAIN
end if
else if NEXT_HOP does not equal an address assigned to the
local router begin
set mode to LOCAL
end if
if mode equals NONE begin
set advanced to TRUE
increment the Next Hop Pointer field
if Next Hop Pointer equals Source Route Length begin
set mode to COMPLETE
else
set NEXT_HOP to the next hop in the source route
end if
end if
end while
end if
if mode equals DOMAIN begin
set route to NONE
if the source route is loose begin
if not advanced begin
find the route, if any, based on Prefix and Prefix Length
if the route is an aggregate formed at the local router begin
set route to NONE
end if
end if
if route equals NONE begin
select a BGP or IDRP route, if any, with a path that includes
NEXT_DI and is not an aggregate formed at the local router
if route equals NONE begin
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if the packet is a data packet begin
generate a control packet with "No Route Available"
end if
discard the packet
return
end if
copy the NLRI from the route to the Prefix and Prefix Length
end if
if the route is an IDRP route begin
set appropriate TOS in delivery header
end if
set NEXT_ROUTER from the route
else
set NEXT_ROUTER from the routing information for NEXT_DI
using the D-FIB
if route equals NONE begin
if the packet is a data packet begin
generate a control packet with "No Route Available"
end if
discard the packet
return
end if
if NEXT_DI is not adjacent begin
if the packet is a data packet begin
generate a control packet with "Strict Source Route Failed"
end if
discard the packet
return
end if
end if
end if
end if
if mode equals LOCAL begin
set NEXT_ROUTER equal to NEXT_HOP
if the source route is strict and NEXT_ROUTER is not
adjacent begin
if the packet is a data packet begin
generate a control packet with "Strict Source Route Failed"
end if
discard the packet
return
end if
end if
if mode equals LOCAL or mode equals DOMAIN begin
set the destination address of the delivery header equal
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to NEXT_ROUTER
checksum the delivery header
route packet to NEXT_ROUTER using normal IP forwarding
return
end if
if the packet is a control packet begin
discard the packet
end if
remove the delivery header and the SDRP Header
if there is no normal IP route to the payload destination begin
generate a control packet with "No Route Available"
discard the data packet
return
end if
forward the payload using normal IP forwarding
if the probe bit is set begin
generate a control packet with "Probe Completed"
end if
5.2.2 Handling an SDRP control packet.
An SDRP control packet is indicated by 0 in the Data packet/Control
packet bit in the Flags field in the SDRP Header.
If the Target Router field of the received SDRP packet contains an IP
address that is assigned to the router that received this SDRP
packet, then the router should use the information carried in the
Notification Code field, the Source Route Identifier field and the
information carried in the Payload field to update the status of its
SDRP routes. Details of such procedures are described in Section 7.
Otherwise, the router checks whether it can forward the packet to the
router specified in the Target Router field by using the routing
information present in its local FIB. If forwarding is possible then
the local system sets the destination address of the delivery header
to the address specified in the Target Router field, and hands the
packet off for normal IP forwarding. If normal IP forwarding is
impossible then the packet may be forwarded in the same manner as an
SDRP data packet (described below) but with the following exceptions.
- Control packets are not subject to transit policies.
- In no case should a control packet be generated in response to
an error caused by a control packet.
- If the source route is completely traversed and the packet still
cannot be forwarded via normal IP routing, the packet should be
silently dropped.
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5.2.3 Handling an SDRP data packet.
An SDRP data packet is indicated by a one in the Data packet/Control
packet bit in the Flags field in the SDRP Header.
An SDRP data packet is forwarded by sending the packet along the
source route in the SDRP Header. When the source route is completely
traversed and the packet has reached the destination domain, the
payload may be removed from the data packet and forwarded normally.
Further details are described below.
5.2.4 Checking the SDRP version number
An SDRP packet that has a version number other than 1 should be
discarded. If the SDRP packet was a data packet, then a control
packet with the Notification Code "Unimplemented SDRP version" should
be generated as specified in section 6.
5.2.5 Checking the Source Route Protocol Type
This document describes Source Route Protocol Type 1. An SDRP router
may support multiple Source Route Protocol Types; however an SDRP
router is NOT required to support all defined Source Route Types.
Any packet that has a Source Route Protocol Type which is not
supported should be discarded. If the SDRP packet was a data packet,
then a control packet with the Notification Code "Unimplemented
Source Route Protocol Type" should be generated as specified in
section 6.
5.2.6 Decrementing and checking Hop Count
If an SDRP packet is to be forwarded and the Hop Count field is non-
zero, the Hop Count field should be decremented. If the resulting
value is zero and the packet was a data packet, then a control packet
with the Notification Code "Hop Count Exceeded" should be generated
and sent to the encapsulating router as specified in section 6, and
the packet should be discarded. If the resulting value is zero and
the packet was a control packet, the packet should be discarded. The
payload of the control packet should carry the payload header
followed by 64 bits of the payload data of the data packet.
5.2.7 Upholding transit policies
It is not a goal of SDRP to create a security routing system.
Therefore, we need to qualify our use of the term "upholding transit
policy". It is assumed that transit policies have the nature of a
"gentleperson's agreement", and are upheld by all the participants.
In other words, it is assumed that there will be no malicious
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attempts to violate transit policies and that parties will rely on
auditing and post facto detection of violations. When a security
architecture is developed for IP or other network protocols then it
may be applied to increase the assurance of transit policy
enforcement. These issues are beyond the scope of this document.
A router may examine any data packet to verify if it complies with
local transit policies, as described in section 5.1. If the
verification fails, the router generates a control packet. If the
verification referred to only the contents of the SDRP header, then
the payload field of the control packet should be empty. If the
verification referred to both the contents of the SDRP header and the
payload header, then the payload field of the control packet should
carry the payload header. If the verification referred to the
transport protocol header, then the payload field of the control
packet should carry the payload header and the transport header.
The Notification Code field of the SDRP header in the control packet
is set to Transit Policy Violation. The procedures for constructing
the rest of the SDRP Header of the control packet are specified in
Section 6.
5.2.8 Partially traversed source routes
If a router receives an SDRP packet with a partially traversed source
route, it extracts the next hop of the source route from the Source
Route field. The router locates the high-order byte of the
appropriate hop by using the Next Hop Pointer field as a 32 bit word
offset relative to the start of the Source Route field. The next hop
is always four octets long. The following procedure is used to
interpret the next hop.
Syntactically, each element in the source route appears as an IP
address. There are three encodings for the next hop:
a) The next hop is an address in network 127.0.0.0. In this case,
the Loose/Strict Source Route field is set equal to the Loose/Strict
Source Route Change bit. Then the Next Hop Pointer is incremented,
the next hop is read from the Source Route field, and these three
cases are examined again.
b) The next hop is an address in network 128.0.0.0. In this case,
the DI of the next domain is extracted from the least significant two
octets of the next hop. If the extracted DI is the same as the DI of
the local domain, then the Next Hop Pointer is incremented, the next
hop is read from the Source Route field, and these three cases are
examined again. Otherwise, if the extracted DI is different from the
DI of the local domain, the next hop is the extracted DI, and the
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forwarding process may proceed.
c) The next hop is any other IP address. If the next hop is equal to
any IP address assigned to the local router, the Next Hop Pointer is
incremented, the next hop is read from the Source Route field, and
these three cases examined again. Otherwise, the next hop is the IP
address of the next router in the source route and the forwarding
process may proceed.
The above procedure for interpreting the next hop in the source route
finishes when the next hop is either a router other than the local
router or an encoded DI that is not the local DI or a completed
source route.
If upon termination of this procedure the source route is completely
traversed, see section 5.2.9.
5.2.8.1 Finding a route to the next hop
If the next hop is not a DI, then the destination address in the
delivery header is replaced by the next hop address and the resulting
packet can then be forwarded using normal IP forwarding. Otherwise,
a DI was extracted from the next hop in the source route, and the
following procedure is used to find a route to the next domain.
Given the DI of the next domain, the router next consults its D-FIB.
If no entry exists in the D-FIB for the next domain, then the packet
should be discarded. If the packet was a data packet, a control
message with Notification Code "No Route Available" should be
generated as specified in Section 6. No other actions are necessary.
If there is a D-FIB entry, the router next examines the SDRP header
to determine if the packet specified a strict source route. If so,
and the next domain is not adjacent to the local domain, then a
control packet with the Notification Code "Strict Source Route
Failed" should be generated, as specified in section 6, and the
original packet should be discarded. No other actions are necessary.
If source route is loose, then BGP or IDRP information must be used
to insure that there is no loop in reaching the next hop. If the
Next Hop Pointer was incremented when determining the next hop, then
the router must select a BGP or IDRP route with a path that includes
the extracted DI, and the NLRI for this route is copied into the
Prefix Length and Prefix fields.
Otherwise, the Next Hop Pointer was not incremented, and the router
should use the information carried in the Prefix and Prefix Length as
an index into its BGP or IDRP routing table. If it finds a matching
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route then it must select the corresponding D-FIB entry. If the
route was formed locally by aggregation, then the router must consult
its D-FIB and select any route with a path that includes the
extracted DI. The NLRI for this route should be copied into the
Prefix Length and Prefix fields.
In either case, the D-FIB entry includes the IP address of the next
SDRP-speaking router to which the SDRP packet should be routed. The
destination address in the delivery header is replaced by this
address. The resulting packet can then be forwarded using normal IP
forwarding.
5.2.8.2 Last Hop Optimization
A small optimization can be performed if there is only a single DI or
IP address in the source route that has not been traversed.
In this case, if the next hop in the SDRP route is a DI, that DI is
adjacent to the router processing this packet, the route has a route
to the destination address in the payload header in its FIB, and this
FIB route passes through the adjacent domain, then the source route
may be considered completely traversed and processing may proceed as
in section 5.2.9.
If the next hop in the SDRP route is an IP address, that IP address
is adjacent to the router processing this packet, the router has a
route to the destination address in the payload header in its FIB,
and this FIB route passes through the adjacent IP address, then the
source route may be considered completely traversed and processing
may proceed as in section 5.2.9.
Since the last hop optimization may only be done if the last hop is
directly adjacent, and reachable, it is irrelevant whether the SDRP
route specifies that this is a strict source route or a loose source
route hop.
5.2.9 Completely Traversed source routes
If the SDRP packet received by a router with a completely-traversed
source route is a control packet and if the Target Router field
carries an IP address assigned to the router, then the packet should
be processed as specified in Section 7. Otherwise, if the SDRP
packet is a control packet, and the packet cannot be forwarded via
either SDRP or normal IP forwarding, the packet should be silently
dropped.
The Hop Count field has already been decremented when processing the
SDRP header. The Hop Count field should now be copied from the SDRP
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header into the IP TTL field in the payload header. The resulting
payload packet is then forwarded using normal IP forwarding. If
there is no FIB entry for the destination, then the packet should be
discarded and a control message with Notification Code "No Route
Available" should be generated as specified in Section 6. If the
packet can be forwarded and if the Probe Indication bit is set to one
in the SDRP header, then a control message with Notification Code
"Probe Completed" should be generated as specified in section 6. If a
control packet is generated, then it must be sent to the
encapsulating router. The payload of the control packet should carry
the first 64 bits of the SDRP header and the payload header.
6. Originating SDRP control packets
A router sends a control packet in response to either error
conditions, or to successful completion of a probe request (indicated
via Probe Indication in the Flags field).
The Data Packet/Control Packet field is set to indicate Control
Packet. The following fields are copied from the SDRP header of the
Data packet that caused the generation of the Control packet:
- Loose/Strict Source Route
- Source Route Protocol Type
- Source Route Identifier
- Source Route Length field
- Payload Protocol Type
A Control packet should not carry a Probe Indication field.
A router should never originate a Control packet as the result of an
error caused by a control packet.
The Target Router is copied from the source IP address of the
delivery header of the SDRP Data packet. This causes the control
packet to be returned to the encapsulating router.
The router generating a control packet checks its FIB for a route to
the destination depicted by the Target Router field. If such a route
is present, then the value of the Destination Address field in the
delivery header is set to the Target Router, the Source Address field
in the delivery header is set to the IP address of one of the
interfaces attached to the local system, and the packet is forwarded
via normal IP forwarding.
If the FIB does not have a route to the destination depicted by the
Target Router field, the local system constructs the Source Route
field of the Control packet by reversing the SDRP route carried in
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the Source Route field of the Data packet, sets the value of the Next
Hop Pointer to the value of the Source Route Length field minus the
value of the Next Hop Pointer field of the SDRP data packet that
caused generation of the Control Packet. All Loose/Strict Source
Route change bits in the new source route should be set to 0 (loose
source route).
The contents of the Payload field depends on the reason for
generating a control packet.
The resulting packet is then handled via SDRP Forwarding procedures
described in Section 5.2.
7. Processing control information
A router participating in SDRP may receive control information in two
forms, SDRP control packets from other routers and ICMP messages from
routers that do not participate in SDRP, but are involved in
forwarding SDRP packets.
7.1 Processing SDRP control packets
Most control packets carry information about some SDRP routes used by
the router. To correlate information carried in the SDRP control
packet with the SDRP routes used by the router, the router uses
information carried in the SDRP header of the control packet, and
optionally in the SDRP payload of the control packet (if present).
In general, receipt of any SDRP control packet that carries one of
the following Notification codes
- No Route Available
- Strict Source Route Failed
- Unimplemented SDRP Version
- Unimplemented Source Route Probe Type
indicates that the corresponding SDRP route is presently not
feasible, and thus should not be used for packet forwarding. The
router must mark the affected routes as not feasible, and may use
alternate routes if available.
The router may at some later point attempt to use an SDRP route that
was marked as infeasible. The criteria used for retrying routes is
outside the scope of this document and a subject of further study.
It need not be standardizes and can be a matter of local control.
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Receipt of an SDRP control packet that carries "Probe Completed"
Notification code indicates that the corresponding SDRP route is
feasible.
Receipt of an SDRP control packet that carries the "Transit Policy
Violation" Notification Code shall be interpreted as follows:
- If the control packet carries no payload data then the
corresponding SDRP route violates transit policy regardless of
the content of the payload packet carried along that route.
- If the control packet carries only the payload header, then
the corresponding SDRP route violates transit policy due to
the content of the payload header.
- If the control packet carries the payload header and the
transport header, then the corresponding SDRP route violates
transit policy for the particular combination of payload and
transport header contents.
If a router receives an SDRP control packet that carries "Hop Count
Exceeded" Notification Code, the router should use the information in
the payload of the Control packet to construct an ICMP Time Exceeded
Message with code "time to live exceeded in transit" and send the
message to the host indicated by the source address in the Payload
Header.
7.2 Processing ICMP messages
To correlate information carried in the ICMP messages with the SDRP
routes used by the router, the router uses the portion of the SDRP
datagram returned by ICMP. This must contain the Source Route
Identifier of the SDRP route used by the router.
ICMP Destination Unreachable messages with a code meaning
"fragmentation needed and DF set" should be used for SDRP MTU
discovery as described in Section 9.
All other ICMP Unreachable messages indicate that the associated
route is not feasible.
8. Constructing D-FIBs.
A BR constructs its D-FIB as a result of participating in either BGP
or IDRP. A BR must advertise a route to destinations within its
domain to all of its external peers (BRs in adjacent domains), via
BGP or IDRP. In BGP and IDRP, a BR must advertise a route to
destinations within its domain to all of its external peers (BRs in
adjacent domains).
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If a BR receives a route to an adjacent domain from a BR in that
domain and selects that route as part of its BGP or IDRP Decision
Process, then it must propagate this route (via BGP or IDRP) to all
other BRs within its domain. A BR may also propagate such a route if
it depicts an autonomous system other than the adjacent domain.
Since AS numbers are encoded as network numbers in network 128.0.0.0,
it is possible to also advertise a route to a domain in BGP or IDRP.
9. SDRP MTU Discovery
To participate in Path MTU Discovery ([6]) a router may maintain
information about the maximum length of the payload packet that can
be carried without fragmentation along a particular SDRP route.
SDRP provides two complimentary techniques to support MTU Discovery.
The first one is passive and is based on the receipt of the ICMP
Destination Unreachable messages (as described in Section 7.2). By
combining information provided in the ICMP message with local
information about the SDRP route the local system can determine the
length of a payload packet that would require fragmentation.
The second one is active and employs the Probe Indicator bit. If an
SDRP data packet that carries the Probe Indicator bit in the SDRP
header and Don't Fragment flag in the delivery header triggers the
last router on the SDRP route to return an SDRP Control packet (with
the Notification Code "Probe Completed"), then the information
carried in the payload header of the control packet can be used to
determine the length of the payload packet that went through the SDRP
route without fragmentation.
10. Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank Scott Bradner (Harvard University),
Noel Chiappa (Consultant), Joel Halpern (Newbridge Networks),
Christian Huitema (INRIA), and Curtis Villamizar (ANS) for their
comments on various aspects of this document.
Security Considerations
Security issues are not discussed in this memo.
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Authors' Addresses
Deborah Estrin
USC/Information Sciences Institute
4676 Admiralty Way
Marina Del Rey, Ca 90292-6695.
Phone: +1 310 822 1511 x 253
EMail: estrin@isi.edu
Tony Li
cisco Systems, Inc.
1525 O'Brien Drive
Menlo Park, CA 94025
Phone: +1 415 526 8186
EMail: tli@cisco.com
Yakov Rekhter
Cisco systems
170 West Tasman Drive
San Jose, CA, USA
Phone: +1 914 528 0090
Fax: +1 408 526-4952
EMail: yakov@cisco.com
Kannan Varadhan
USC/Information Sciences Institute
4676 Admiralty Way
Marina Del Rey, Ca 90292-6695.
Phone: +1 310 822 1511 x 402
EMail: kannan@isi.edu
Daniel Zappala
USC/Information Sciences Institute
4676 Admiralty Way
Marina Del Rey, Ca 90292-6695.
Phone: +1 310 822 1511 x 352
EMail: daniel@isi.edu
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References
[1] Lougheed, K., and Y. Rekhter, "A Border Gateway Protocol 3
(BGP-3), RFC 1267, October 1991.
[2] Rekhter, Y., and P. Gross, "Application of the Border Gateway
Protocol in the Internet", RFC 1268, October 1991.
[3] Rekhter, Y., and T. Li, "A Border Gateway Protocol 4 (BGP-4)",
RFC 1654, July 1994.
[4] Hares, S., "IDRP for IP", IDR Working Group, 1994.
Work in Progress.
[5] Postel, J., "Internet Protocol - DARPA Internet Program
Protocol Specification", STD 5, RFC 791, September 1981.
[6] Mogul, J., and S. Deering, "Path MTU Discovery", RFC 1191,
November 1990.
[7] Reynolds, J., and J. Postel, "ASSIGNED NUMBERS", STD 2,
RFC 1700, October 1994.
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