[Docs] [txt|pdf] [draft-gellens-p...] [Tracker] [Diff1] [Diff2]
Updated by: 5034 PROPOSED STANDARD
Network Working Group R. Gellens
Request for Comments: 2449 Qualcomm
Updates: 1939 C. Newman
Category: Standards Track Innosoft
L. Lundblade
Qualcomm
November 1998
POP3 Extension Mechanism
Status of this Memo
This document specifies an Internet standards track protocol for the
Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for
improvements. Please refer to the current edition of the "Internet
Official Protocol Standards" (STD 1) for the standardization state
and status of this protocol. Distribution of this memo is unlimited.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (1998). All Rights Reserved.
IESG Note
This extension to the POP3 protocol is to be used by a server to
express policy descisions taken by the server administrator. It is
not an endorsement of implementations of further POP3 extensions
generally. It is the general view that the POP3 protocol should stay
simple, and for the simple purpose of downloading email from a mail
server. If more complicated operations are needed, the IMAP protocol
[RFC 2060] should be used. The first paragraph of section 7 should
be read very carefully.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2. Conventions Used in this Document . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3. General Command and Response Grammar . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
4. Parameter and Response Lengths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
5. The CAPA Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
6. Initial Set of Capabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
6.1. TOP capability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
6.2. USER capability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
6.3. SASL capability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
6.4. RESP-CODES capability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
6.5. LOGIN-DELAY capability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
6.6. PIPELINING capability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
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RFC 2449 POP3 Extension Mechanism November 1998
6.7. EXPIRE capability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
6.8. UIDL capability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
6.9. IMPLEMENTATION capability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
7. Future Extensions to POP3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
8. Extended POP3 Response Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
8.1. Initial POP3 response codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
8.1.1. The LOGIN-DELAY response code . . . . . . . . . . . 15
8.1.2. The IN-USE response code . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
9. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
10. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
11. Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
12. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
13. Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
14. Full Copyright Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
1. Introduction
The Post Office Protocol version 3 [POP3] is very widely used.
However, while it includes some optional commands (and some useful
protocol extensions have been published), it lacks a mechanism for
advertising support for these extensions or for behavior variations.
Currently these optional features and extensions can only be detected
by probing, if at all. This is at best inefficient, and possibly
worse. As a result, some clients have manual configuration options
for POP3 server capabilities.
Because one of the most important characteristics of POP3 is its
simplicity, it is desirable that extensions be few in number (see
section 7). However, some extensions are necessary (such as ones
that provide improved security [POP-AUTH]), while others are very
desirable in certain situations. In addition, a means for
discovering server behavior is needed.
This memo updates RFC 1939 [POP3] to define a mechanism to announce
support for optional commands, extensions, and unconditional server
behavior. Included is an initial set of currently deployed
capabilities which vary between server implementations, and several
new capabilities (SASL, RESP-CODES, LOGIN-DELAY, PIPELINING, EXPIRE
and IMPLEMENTATION). This document also extends POP3 error messages
so that machine parsable codes can be provided to the client. An
initial set of response codes is included. In addition, an [ABNF]
specification of POP3 commands and responses is defined.
Public comments should be sent to the IETF POP3 Extensions mailing
list, <ietf-pop3ext@imc.org>. To subscribe, send a message
containing SUBSCRIBE to <ietf-pop3ext-request@imc.org>.
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2. Conventions Used in this Document
The key words "REQUIRED", "MUST", "MUST NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT",
and "MAY" in this document are to be interpreted as described in "Key
words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels" [KEYWORDS].
In examples, "C:" and "S:" indicate lines sent by the client and
server respectively.
3. General Command and Response Grammar
The general form of POP3 commands and responses is described using
[ABNF]:
POP3 commands:
command = keyword *(SP param) CRLF ;255 octets maximum
keyword = 3*4VCHAR
param = 1*VCHAR
POP3 responses:
response = greeting / single-line / capa-resp / multi-line
capa-resp = single-line *capability "." CRLF
capa-tag = 1*cchar
capability = capa-tag *(SP param) CRLF ;512 octets maximum
cchar = %x21-2D / %x2F-7F
;printable ASCII, excluding "."
dot-stuffed = *CHAR CRLF ;must be dot-stuffed
gchar = %x21-3B / %x3D-7F
;printable ASCII, excluding "<"
greeting = "+OK" [resp-code] *gchar [timestamp] *gchar CRLF
;512 octets maximum
multi-line = single-line *dot-stuffed "." CRLF
rchar = %x21-2E / %x30-5C / %x5E-7F
;printable ASCII, excluding "/" and "]"
resp-code = "[" resp-level *("/" resp-level) "]"
resp-level = 1*rchar
schar = %x21-5A / %x5C-7F
;printable ASCII, excluding "["
single-line = status [SP text] CRLF ;512 octets maximum
status = "+OK" / "-ERR"
text = *schar / resp-code *CHAR
timestamp = "<" *VCHAR ">"
;MUST conform to RFC-822 msg-id
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4. Parameter and Response Lengths
This specification increases the length restrictions on commands and
parameters imposed by RFC 1939.
The maximum length of a command is increased from 47 characters (4
character command, single space, 40 character argument, CRLF) to 255
octets, including the terminating CRLF.
Servers which support the CAPA command MUST support commands up to
255 octets. Servers MUST also support the largest maximum command
length specified by any supported capability.
The maximum length of the first line of a command response (including
the initial greeting) is unchanged at 512 octets (including the
terminating CRLF).
5. The CAPA Command
The POP3 CAPA command returns a list of capabilities supported by the
POP3 server. It is available in both the AUTHORIZATION and
TRANSACTION states.
A capability description MUST document in which states the capability
is announced, and in which states the commands are valid.
Capabilities available in the AUTHORIZATION state MUST be announced
in both states.
If a capability is announced in both states, but the argument might
differ after authentication, this possibility MUST be stated in the
capability description.
(These requirements allow a client to issue only one CAPA command if
it does not use any TRANSACTION-only capabilities, or any
capabilities whose values may differ after authentication.)
If the authentication step negotiates an integrity protection layer,
the client SHOULD reissue the CAPA command after authenticating, to
check for active down-negotiation attacks.
Each capability may enable additional protocol commands, additional
parameters and responses for existing commands, or describe an aspect
of server behavior. These details are specified in the description
of the capability.
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Section 3 describes the CAPA response using [ABNF]. When a
capability response describes an optional command, the <capa-tag>
SHOULD be identical to the command keyword. CAPA response tags are
case-insensitive.
CAPA
Arguments:
none
Restrictions:
none
Discussion:
An -ERR response indicates the capability command is not
implemented and the client will have to probe for
capabilities as before.
An +OK response is followed by a list of capabilities, one
per line. Each capability name MAY be followed by a single
space and a space-separated list of parameters. Each
capability line is limited to 512 octets (including the
CRLF). The capability list is terminated by a line
containing a termination octet (".") and a CRLF pair.
Possible Responses:
+OK -ERR
Examples:
C: CAPA
S: +OK Capability list follows
S: TOP
S: USER
S: SASL CRAM-MD5 KERBEROS_V4
S: RESP-CODES
S: LOGIN-DELAY 900
S: PIPELINING
S: EXPIRE 60
S: UIDL
S: IMPLEMENTATION Shlemazle-Plotz-v302
S: .
6. Initial Set of Capabilities
This section defines an initial set of POP3 capabilities. These
include the optional POP3 commands, already published POP3
extensions, and behavior variations between POP3 servers which can
impact clients.
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Note that there is no APOP capability, even though APOP is an
optional command in [POP3]. Clients discover server support of APOP
by the presence in the greeting banner of an initial challenge
enclosed in angle brackets ("<>"). Therefore, an APOP capability
would introduce two ways for a server to announce the same thing.
6.1. TOP capability
CAPA tag:
TOP
Arguments:
none
Added commands:
TOP
Standard commands affected:
none
Announced states / possible differences:
both / no
Commands valid in states:
TRANSACTION
Specification reference:
[POP3]
Discussion:
The TOP capability indicates the optional TOP command is
available.
6.2. USER capability
CAPA tag:
USER
Arguments:
none
Added commands:
USER PASS
Standard commands affected:
none
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RFC 2449 POP3 Extension Mechanism November 1998
Announced states / possible differences:
both / no
Commands valid in states:
AUTHENTICATION
Specification reference:
[POP3]
Discussion:
The USER capability indicates that the USER and PASS commands
are supported, although they may not be available to all users.
6.3. SASL capability
CAPA tag:
SASL
Arguments:
Supported SASL mechanisms
Added commands:
AUTH
Standard commands affected:
none
Announced states / possible differences:
both / no
Commands valid in states:
AUTHENTICATION
Specification reference:
[POP-AUTH, SASL]
Discussion:
The POP3 AUTH command [POP-AUTH] permits the use of [SASL]
authentication mechanisms with POP3. The SASL capability
indicates that the AUTH command is available and that it supports
an optional base64 encoded second argument for an initial client
response as described in the SASL specification. The argument to
the SASL capability is a space separated list of SASL mechanisms
which are supported.
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6.4. RESP-CODES capability
CAPA tag:
RESP-CODES
Arguments:
none
Added commands:
none
Standard commands affected:
none
Announced states / possible differences:
both / no
Commands valid in states:
n/a
Specification reference:
this document
Discussion:
The RESP-CODES capability indicates that any response text issued
by this server which begins with an open square bracket ("[") is
an extended response code (see section 8).
6.5. LOGIN-DELAY capability
CAPA tag:
LOGIN-DELAY
Arguments:
minimum seconds between logins; optionally followed by USER in
AUTHENTICATION state.
Added commands:
none
Standard commands affected:
USER PASS APOP AUTH
Announced states / possible differences:
both / yes
Commands valid in states:
n/a
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RFC 2449 POP3 Extension Mechanism November 1998
Specification reference:
this document
Discussion:
POP3 clients often login frequently to check for new mail.
Unfortunately, the process of creating a connection,
authenticating the user, and opening the user's maildrop can be
very resource intensive on the server. A number of deployed POP3
servers try to reduce server load by requiring a delay between
logins. The LOGIN-DELAY capability includes an integer argument
which indicates the number of seconds after an "+OK" response to
a PASS, APOP, or AUTH command before another authentication will
be accepted. Clients which permit the user to configure a mail
check interval SHOULD use this capability to determine the
minimum permissible interval. Servers which advertise LOGIN-
DELAY SHOULD enforce it.
If the minimum login delay period could differ per user (that is,
the LOGIN-DELAY argument might change after authentication), the
server MUST announce in AUTHENTICATION state the largest value
which could be set for any user. This might be the largest value
currently in use for any user (so only one value per server), or
even the largest value which the server permits to be set for any
user. The server SHOULD append the token "USER" to the LOGIN-
DELAY parameter in AUTHENTICATION state, to inform the client
that a more accurate value is available after authentication.
The server SHOULD announce the more accurate value in TRANSACTION
state. (The "USER" token allows the client to decide if a second
CAPA command is needed or not.)
Servers enforce LOGIN-DELAY by rejecting an authentication
command with or without the LOGIN-DELAY error response. See
section 8.1.1 for more information.
6.6. PIPELINING capability
CAPA tag:
PIPELINING
Arguments:
none
Added commands:
none
Standard commands affected:
all
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Announced states / possible differences:
both / no
Commands valid in states:
n/a
Specification reference:
this document
Discussion:
The PIPELINING capability indicates the server is capable of
accepting multiple commands at a time; the client does not have
to wait for the response to a command before issuing a subsequent
command. If a server supports PIPELINING, it MUST process each
command in turn. If a client uses PIPELINING, it MUST keep track
of which commands it has outstanding, and match server responses
to commands in order. If either the client or server uses
blocking writes, it MUST not exceed the window size of the
underlying transport layer.
Some POP3 clients have an option to indicate the server supports
"Overlapped POP3 commands." This capability removes the need to
configure this at the client.
This is roughly synonymous with the ESMTP PIPELINING extension
[PIPELINING], however, since SMTP [SMTP] tends to have short
commands and responses, the benefit is in grouping multiple
commands and sending them as a unit. While there are cases of
this in POP (for example, USER and PASS could be batched,
multiple RETR and/or DELE commands could be sent as a group),
because POP has short commands and sometimes lengthy responses,
there is also an advantage is sending new commands while still
receiving the response to an earlier command (for example,
sending RETR and/or DELE commands while processing a UIDL reply).
6.7. EXPIRE capability
CAPA tag:
EXPIRE
Arguments:
server-guaranteed minimum retention days, or NEVER; optionally
followed by USER in AUTHENTICATION state
Added commands:
none
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RFC 2449 POP3 Extension Mechanism November 1998
Standard commands affected:
none
Announced states / possible differences:
both / yes
Commands valid in states:
n/a
Specification reference:
this document
Discussion:
While POP3 allows clients to leave messages on the server, RFC
1939 [POP3] warns about the problems that may arise from this,
and allows servers to delete messages based on site policy.
The EXPIRE capability avoids the problems mentioned in RFC 1939,
by allowing the server to inform the client as to the policy in
effect. The argument to the EXPIRE capability indicates the
minimum server retention period, in days, for messages on the
server.
EXPIRE 0 indicates the client is not permitted to leave mail on
the server; when the session enters the UPDATE state the server
MAY assume an implicit DELE for each message which was downloaded
with RETR.
EXPIRE NEVER asserts that the server does not delete messages.
The concept of a "retention period" is intentionally vague.
Servers may start counting days to expiration when a message is
added to a maildrop, when a client becomes aware of the existence
of a message through the LIST or UIDL commands, when a message
has been acted upon in some way (for example, TOP or RETR), or at
some other event. The EXPIRE capability cannot provide a precise
indication as to exactly when any specific message will expire.
The capability is intended to make it easier for clients to
behave in ways which conform to site policy and user wishes. For
example, a client might display a warning for attempts to
configure a "leave mail on server" period which is greater than
or equal to some percentage of the value announced by the server.
If a site uses any automatic deletion policy, it SHOULD use the
EXPIRE capability to announce this.
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The EXPIRE capability, with a parameter other than 0 or NEVER, is
intended to let the client know that the server does permit mail
to be left on the server, and to present a value which is the
smallest which might be in force.
Sites which permit users to retain messages indefinitely SHOULD
announce this with the EXPIRE NEVER response.
If the expiration policy differs per user (that is, the EXPIRE
argument might change after authentication), the server MUST
announce in AUTHENTICATION state the smallest value which could
be set for any user. This might be the smallest value currently
in use for any user (so only one value per server), or even the
smallest value which the server permits to be set for any user.
The server SHOULD append the token "USER" to the EXPIRE parameter
in AUTHENTICATION state, to inform the client that a more
accurate value is available after authentication. The server
SHOULD announce the more accurate value in TRANSACTION state.
(The "USER" token allows the client to decide if a second CAPA
command is needed or not.)
A site may have a message expiration policy which treats messages
differently depending on which user actions have been performed,
or based on other factors. For example, a site might delete
unseen messages after 60 days, and completely- or partially-seen
messages after 15 days.
The announced EXPIRE value is the smallest retention period which
is or might be used by any category or condition of the current
site policy, for any user (in AUTHENTICATION state) or the
specific user (in TRANSACTION state). That is, EXPIRE informs
the client of the minimum number of days messages may remain on
the server under any circumstances.
Examples:
EXPIRE 5 USER
EXPIRE 30
EXPIRE NEVER
EXPIRE 0
The first example indicates the server might delete messages
after five days, but the period differs per user, and so a more
accurate value can be obtained by issuing a second CAPA command
in TRANSACTION state. The second example indicates the server
could delete messages after 30 days. In the third example, the
server announces it does not delete messages. The fourth example
specifies that the site does not permit messages to be left on
the server.
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6.8. UIDL capability
CAPA tag:
UIDL
Arguments:
none
Added commands:
UIDL
Standard commands affected:
none
Announced states / possible differences:
both / no
Commands valid in states:
TRANSACTION
Specification reference:
[POP3]
Discussion:
The UIDL capability indicates that the optional UIDL command is
supported.
6.9. IMPLEMENTATION capability
CAPA tag:
IMPLEMENTATION
Arguments:
string giving server implementation information
Added commands:
none
Standard commands affected:
none
Announced states / possible differences:
both (optionally TRANSACTION only) / no
Commands valid in states:
n/a
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RFC 2449 POP3 Extension Mechanism November 1998
Specification reference:
this document
Discussion:
It is often useful to identify an implementation of a particular
server (for example, when logging). This is commonly done in the
welcome banner, but one must guess if a string is an
implementation ID or not.
The argument to the IMPLEMENTATION capability consists of one or
more tokens which identify the server. (Note that since CAPA
response tag arguments are space-separated, it may be convenient
for the IMPLEMENTATION capability argument to not contain spaces,
so that it is a single token.)
Normally, servers announce IMPLEMENTATION in both states.
However, a server MAY chose to do so only in TRANSACTION state.
A server MAY include the implementation identification both in
the welcome banner and in the IMPLEMENTATION capability.
Clients MUST NOT modify their behavior based on the server
implementation. Instead the server and client should agree on a
private extension.
7. Future Extensions to POP3
Future extensions to POP3 are in general discouraged, as POP3's
usefulness lies in its simplicity. POP3 is intended as a download-
and-delete protocol; mail access capabilities are available in IMAP
[IMAP4]. Extensions which provide support for additional mailboxes,
allow uploading of messages to the server, or which deviate from
POP's download-and-delete model are strongly discouraged and unlikely
to be permitted on the IETF standards track.
Clients MUST NOT require the presence of any extension for basic
functionality, with the exception of the authentication commands
(APOP, AUTH [section 6.3] and USER/PASS).
Section 9 specifies how additional capabilities are defined.
8. Extended POP3 Response Codes
Unextended POP3 is only capable of indicating success or failure to
most commands. Unfortunately, clients often need to know more
information about the cause of a failure in order to gracefully
recover. This is especially important in response to a failed login
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(there are widely-deployed clients which attempt to decode the error
text of a PASS command result, to try and distinguish between "unable
to get maildrop lock" and "bad login").
This specification amends the POP3 standard to permit an optional
response code, enclosed in square brackets, at the beginning of the
human readable text portion of an "+OK" or "-ERR" response. Clients
supporting this extension MAY remove any information enclosed in
square brackets prior to displaying human readable text to the user.
Immediately following the open square bracket "[" character is a
response code which is interpreted in a case-insensitive fashion by
the client.
The response code is hierarchical, with a "/" separating levels of
detail about the error. Clients MUST ignore unknown hierarchical
detail about the response code. This is important, as it could be
necessary to provide further detail for response codes in the future.
Section 3 describes response codes using [ABNF].
If a server supports extended response codes, it indicates this by
including the RESP-CODES capability in the CAPA response.
Examples:
C: APOP mrose c4c9334bac560ecc979e58001b3e22fb
S: -ERR [IN-USE] Do you have another POP session running?
8.1. Initial POP3 response codes
This specification defines two POP3 response codes which can be used
to determine the reason for a failed login. Section 9 specifies how
additional response codes are defined.
8.1.1. The LOGIN-DELAY response code
This occurs on an -ERR response to an AUTH, USER (see note), PASS or
APOP command and indicates that the user has logged in recently and
will not be allowed to login again until the login delay period has
expired.
NOTE: Returning the LOGIN-DELAY response code to the USER command
avoids the work of authenticating the user but reveals to the client
that the specified user exists. Unless the server is operating in an
environment where user names are not secret (for example, many
popular email clients advertise the POP server and user name in an
outgoing mail header), or where server access is restricted, or the
server can verify that the connection is to the same user, it is
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strongly recommended that the server not issue this response code to
the USER command. The server still saves the cost of opening the
maildrop, which in some environments is the most expensive step.
8.1.2. The IN-USE response code
This occurs on an -ERR response to an AUTH, APOP, or PASS command.
It indicates the authentication was successful, but the user's
maildrop is currently in use (probably by another POP3 client).
9. IANA Considerations
This document requests that IANA maintain two new registries: POP3
capabilities and POP3 response codes.
New POP3 capabilities MUST be defined in a standards track or IESG
approved experimental RFC, and MUST NOT begin with the letter "X".
New POP3 capabilities MUST include the following information:
CAPA tag
Arguments
Added commands
Standard commands affected
Announced states / possible differences
Commands valid in states
Specification reference
Discussion
In addition, new limits for POP3 command and response lengths may
need to be included.
New POP3 response codes MUST be defined in an RFC or other permanent
and readily available reference, in sufficient detail so that
interoperability between independent implementations is possible.
(This is the "Specification Required" policy described in [IANA]).
New POP3 response code specifications MUST include the following
information: the complete response code, for which responses (+OK
or -ERR) and commands it is valid, and a definition of its meaning and
expected client behavior.
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10. Security Considerations
A capability list can reveal information about the server's
authentication mechanisms which can be used to determine if certain
attacks will be successful. However, allowing clients to
automatically detect availability of stronger mechanisms and alter
their configurations to use them can improve overall security at a
site.
Section 8.1 discusses the security issues related to use of the
LOGIN-DELAY response code with the USER command.
11. Acknowledgments
This document has been revised in part based on comments and
discussions which took place on and off the IETF POP3 Extensions
mailing list. The help of those who took the time to review this
memo and make suggestions is appreciated, especially that of Alexey
Melnikov, Harald Alvestrand, and Mike Gahrns.
12. References
[ABNF] Crocker, D. and P. Overell, "Augmented BNF for Syntax
Specifications: ABNF", RFC 2234, November 1997.
[IANA] Narten, T. and H. Alvestrand, "Guidelines for Writing an
IANA Considerations Section in RFCs", BCP 26, RFC 2434,
October 1998.
[IMAP4] Crispin, M., "Internet Message Access Protocol --
Version 4rev1", RFC 2060, December 1996.
[KEYWORDS] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
[PIPELINING] Freed, N., "SMTP Service Extension for Command
Pipelining", RFC 2197, September 1997.
[POP3] Myers, J. and M. Rose, "Post Office Protocol -- Version
3", STD 53, RFC 1939, May 1996.
[POP-AUTH] Myers, J., "POP3 AUTHentication command", RFC 1734,
December 1994.
[SASL] Myers, J., "Simple Authentication and Security Layer
(SASL)", RFC 2222, October 1997.
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RFC 2449 POP3 Extension Mechanism November 1998
[SMTP] Postel, J., "Simple Mail Transfer Protocol", STD 10, RFC
821, August 1982.
13. Authors' Addresses
Randall Gellens
QUALCOMM Incorporated
6455 Lusk Blvd.
San Diego, CA 92121-2779
USA
Phone: +1 619 651 5115
Fax: +1 619 845 7268
EMail: randy@qualcomm.com
Chris Newman
Innosoft International, Inc.
1050 Lakes Drive
West Covina, CA 91790
USA
EMail: chris.newman@innosoft.com
Laurence Lundblade
QUALCOMM Incorporated
6455 Lusk Blvd.
San Diego, Ca, 92121-2779
USA
Phone: +1 619 658 3584
Fax: +1 619 845 7268
EMail: lgl@qualcomm.com
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14. Full Copyright Statement
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (1998). All Rights Reserved.
This document and translations of it may be copied and furnished to
others, and derivative works that comment on or otherwise explain it
or assist in its implementation may be prepared, copied, published
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included on all such copies and derivative works. However, this
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English.
The limited permissions granted above are perpetual and will not be
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This document and the information contained herein is provided on an
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TASK FORCE DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING
BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE INFORMATION
HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
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Gellens, et. al. Standards Track [Page 19]
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