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PROPOSED STANDARD
Network Working Group M. Richardson
Request for Comments: 4025 SSW
Category: Standards Track February 2005
A Method for Storing IPsec Keying Material in DNS
Status of This Memo
This document specifies an Internet standards track protocol for the
Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for
improvements. Please refer to the current edition of the "Internet
Official Protocol Standards" (STD 1) for the standardization state
and status of this protocol. Distribution of this memo is unlimited.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2005).
Abstract
This document describes a new resource record for the Domain Name
System (DNS). This record may be used to store public keys for use
in IP security (IPsec) systems. The record also includes provisions
for indicating what system should be contacted when an IPsec tunnel
is established with the entity in question.
This record replaces the functionality of the sub-type #4 of the KEY
Resource Record, which has been obsoleted by RFC 3445.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.1. Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2. Use of DNS Address-to-Name Maps (IN-ADDR.ARPA and
IP6.ARPA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.3. Usage Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2. Storage Formats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.1. IPSECKEY RDATA Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.2. RDATA Format - Precedence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.3. RDATA Format - Gateway Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.4. RDATA Format - Algorithm Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.5. RDATA Format - Gateway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.6. RDATA Format - Public Keys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3. Presentation Formats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.1. Representation of IPSECKEY RRs . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.2. Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
4. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
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4.1. Active Attacks Against Unsecured IPSECKEY Resource
Records . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4.1.1. Active Attacks Against IPSECKEY Keying
Materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4.1.2. Active Attacks Against IPSECKEY Gateway
Material. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
5. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
6. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
7. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
7.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
7.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Author's Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Full Copyright Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1. Introduction
Suppose a host wishes (or is required by policy) to establish an
IPsec tunnel with some remote entity on the network prior to allowing
normal communication to take place. In many cases, this end system
will be able to determine the DNS name for the remote entity (either
by having the DNS name given explicitly, by performing a DNS PTR
query for a particular IP address, or through some other means, e.g.,
by extracting the DNS portion of a "user@FQDN" name for a remote
entity). In these cases, the host will need to obtain a public key
to authenticate the remote entity, and may also need some guidance
about whether it should contact the entity directly or use another
node as a gateway to the target entity. The IPSECKEY RR provides a
mechanism for storing such information.
The type number for the IPSECKEY RR is 45.
This record replaces the functionality of the sub-type #4 of the KEY
Resource Record, which has been obsoleted by RFC 3445 [11].
1.1. Overview
The IPSECKEY resource record (RR) is used to publish a public key
that is to be associated with a Domain Name System (DNS) [1] name for
use with the IPsec protocol suite. This can be the public key of a
host, network, or application (in the case of per-port keying).
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [3].
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1.2. Use of DNS Address-to-Name Maps (IN-ADDR.ARPA and IP6.ARPA)
Often a security gateway will only have access to the IP address of
the node with which communication is desired and will not know any
other name for the target node. Because of this, frequently the best
way of looking up IPSECKEY RRs will be by using the IP address as an
index into one of the reverse mapping trees (IN-ADDR.ARPA for IPv4 or
IP6.ARPA for IPv6).
The lookup is done in the fashion usual for PTR records. The IP
address' octets (IPv4) or nibbles (IPv6) are reversed and looked up
with the appropriate suffix. Any CNAMEs or DNAMEs found MUST be
followed.
Note: even when the IPsec function is contained in the end-host,
often only the application will know the forward name used. Although
the case where the application knows the forward name is common, the
user could easily have typed in a literal IP address. This storage
mechanism does not preclude using the forward name when it is
available but does not require it.
1.3. Usage Criteria
An IPSECKEY resource record SHOULD be used in combination with DNSSEC
[8] unless some other means of authenticating the IPSECKEY resource
record is available.
It is expected that there will often be multiple IPSECKEY resource
records at the same name. This will be due to the presence of
multiple gateways and a need to roll over keys.
This resource record is class independent.
2. Storage Formats
2.1. IPSECKEY RDATA Format
The RDATA for an IPSECKEY RR consists of a precedence value, a
gateway type, a public key, algorithm type, and an optional gateway
address.
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0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| precedence | gateway type | algorithm | gateway |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-------------+ +
~ gateway ~
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| /
/ public key /
/ /
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-|
2.2. RDATA Format - Precedence
This is an 8-bit precedence for this record. It is interpreted in
the same way as the PREFERENCE field described in section 3.3.9 of
RFC 1035 [2].
Gateways listed in IPSECKEY records with lower precedence are to be
attempted first. Where there is a tie in precedence, the order
should be non-deterministic.
2.3. RDATA Format - Gateway Type
The gateway type field indicates the format of the information that
is stored in the gateway field.
The following values are defined:
0 No gateway is present.
1 A 4-byte IPv4 address is present.
2 A 16-byte IPv6 address is present.
3 A wire-encoded domain name is present. The wire-encoded format is
self-describing, so the length is implicit. The domain name MUST
NOT be compressed. (See Section 3.3 of RFC 1035 [2].)
2.4. RDATA Format - Algorithm Type
The algorithm type field identifies the public key's cryptographic
algorithm and determines the format of the public key field.
A value of 0 indicates that no key is present.
The following values are defined:
1 A DSA key is present, in the format defined in RFC 2536 [9].
2 A RSA key is present, in the format defined in RFC 3110 [10].
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2.5. RDATA Format - Gateway
The gateway field indicates a gateway to which an IPsec tunnel may be
created in order to reach the entity named by this resource record.
There are three formats:
A 32-bit IPv4 address is present in the gateway field. The data
portion is an IPv4 address as described in section 3.4.1 of RFC 1035
[2]. This is a 32-bit number in network byte order.
A 128-bit IPv6 address is present in the gateway field. The data
portion is an IPv6 address as described in section 2.2 of RFC 3596
[12]. This is a 128-bit number in network byte order.
The gateway field is a normal wire-encoded domain name, as described
in section 3.3 of RFC 1035 [2]. Compression MUST NOT be used.
2.6. RDATA Format - Public Keys
Both the public key types defined in this document (RSA and DSA)
inherit their public key formats from the corresponding KEY RR
formats. Specifically, the public key field contains the
algorithm-specific portion of the KEY RR RDATA, which is all the KEY
RR DATA after the first four octets. This is the same portion of the
KEY RR that must be specified by documents that define a DNSSEC
algorithm. Those documents also specify a message digest to be used
for generation of SIG RRs; that specification is not relevant for
IPSECKEY RRs.
Future algorithms, if they are to be used by both DNSSEC (in the KEY
RR) and IPSECKEY, are likely to use the same public key encodings in
both records. Unless otherwise specified, the IPSECKEY public key
field will contain the algorithm-specific portion of the KEY RR RDATA
for the corresponding algorithm. The algorithm must still be
designated for use by IPSECKEY, and an IPSECKEY algorithm type number
(which might be different from the DNSSEC algorithm number) must be
assigned to it.
The DSA key format is defined in RFC 2536 [9]
The RSA key format is defined in RFC 3110 [10], with the following
changes:
The earlier definition of RSA/MD5 in RFC 2065 [4] limited the
exponent and modulus to 2552 bits in length. RFC 3110 extended that
limit to 4096 bits for RSA/SHA1 keys. The IPSECKEY RR imposes no
length limit on RSA public keys, other than the 65535 octet limit
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imposed by the two-octet length encoding. This length extension is
applicable only to IPSECKEY; it is not applicable to KEY RRs.
3. Presentation Formats
3.1. Representation of IPSECKEY RRs
IPSECKEY RRs may appear in a zone data master file. The precedence,
gateway type, algorithm, and gateway fields are REQUIRED. The base64
encoded public key block is OPTIONAL; if it is not present, the
public key field of the resource record MUST be construed to be zero
octets in length.
The algorithm field is an unsigned integer. No mnemonics are
defined.
If no gateway is to be indicated, then the gateway type field MUST be
zero, and the gateway field MUST be "."
The Public Key field is represented as a Base64 encoding of the
Public Key. Whitespace is allowed within the Base64 text. For a
definition of Base64 encoding, see RFC 3548 [6], Section 5.2.
The general presentation for the record is as follows:
IN IPSECKEY ( precedence gateway-type algorithm
gateway base64-encoded-public-key )
3.2. Examples
An example of a node, 192.0.2.38, that will accept IPsec tunnels on
its own behalf.
38.2.0.192.in-addr.arpa. 7200 IN IPSECKEY ( 10 1 2
192.0.2.38
AQNRU3mG7TVTO2BkR47usntb102uFJtugbo6BSGvgqt4AQ== )
An example of a node, 192.0.2.38, that has published its key only.
38.2.0.192.in-addr.arpa. 7200 IN IPSECKEY ( 10 0 2
.
AQNRU3mG7TVTO2BkR47usntb102uFJtugbo6BSGvgqt4AQ== )
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An example of a node, 192.0.2.38, that has delegated authority to the
node 192.0.2.3.
38.2.0.192.in-addr.arpa. 7200 IN IPSECKEY ( 10 1 2
192.0.2.3
AQNRU3mG7TVTO2BkR47usntb102uFJtugbo6BSGvgqt4AQ== )
An example of a node, 192.0.1.38 that has delegated authority to the
node with the identity "mygateway.example.com".
38.1.0.192.in-addr.arpa. 7200 IN IPSECKEY ( 10 3 2
mygateway.example.com.
AQNRU3mG7TVTO2BkR47usntb102uFJtugbo6BSGvgqt4AQ== )
An example of a node, 2001:0DB8:0200:1:210:f3ff:fe03:4d0, that has
delegated authority to the node 2001:0DB8:c000:0200:2::1
$ORIGIN 1.0.0.0.0.0.2.8.B.D.0.1.0.0.2.ip6.arpa.
0.d.4.0.3.0.e.f.f.f.3.f.0.1.2.0 7200 IN IPSECKEY ( 10 2 2
2001:0DB8:0:8002::2000:1
AQNRU3mG7TVTO2BkR47usntb102uFJtugbo6BSGvgqt4AQ== )
4. Security Considerations
This entire memo pertains to the provision of public keying material
for use by key management protocols such as ISAKMP/IKE (RFC 2407)
[7].
The IPSECKEY resource record contains information that SHOULD be
communicated to the end client in an integral fashion; i.e., free
from modification. The form of this channel is up to the consumer of
the data; there must be a trust relationship between the end consumer
of this resource record and the server. This relationship may be
end-to-end DNSSEC validation, a TSIG or SIG(0) channel to another
secure source, a secure local channel on the host, or some
combination of the above.
The keying material provided by the IPSECKEY resource record is not
sensitive to passive attacks. The keying material may be freely
disclosed to any party without any impact on the security properties
of the resulting IPsec session. IPsec and IKE provide defense
against both active and passive attacks.
Any derivative specification that makes use of this resource record
MUST carefully document its trust model and why the trust model of
DNSSEC is appropriate, if that is the secure channel used.
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An active attack on the DNS that caused the wrong IP address to be
retrieved (via forged address), and therefore the wrong QNAME to be
queried, would also result in a man-in-the-middle attack. This
situation is independent of whether the IPSECKEY RR is used.
4.1. Active Attacks Against Unsecured IPSECKEY Resource Records
This section deals with active attacks against the DNS. These
attacks require that DNS requests and responses be intercepted and
changed. DNSSEC is designed to defend against attacks of this kind.
This section deals with the situation in which DNSSEC is not
available. This is not the recommended deployment scenario.
4.1.1. Active Attacks Against IPSECKEY Keying Materials
The first kind of active attack is when the attacker replaces the
keying material with either a key under its control or with garbage.
The gateway field is either untouched or is null. The IKE
negotiation will therefore occur with the original end-system. For
this attack to succeed, the attacker must perform a man-in-the-middle
attack on the IKE negotiation. This attack requires that the
attacker be able to intercept and modify packets on the forwarding
path for the IKE and data packets.
If the attacker is not able to perform this man-in-the-middle attack
on the IKE negotiation, then a denial of service will result, as the
IKE negotiation will fail.
If the attacker is not only able to mount active attacks against DNS
but also in a position to perform a man-in-the-middle attack on IKE
and IPsec negotiations, then the attacker will be able to compromise
the resulting IPsec channel. Note that an attacker must be able to
perform active DNS attacks on both sides of the IKE negotiation for
this to succeed.
4.1.2. Active Attacks Against IPSECKEY Gateway Material
The second kind of active attack is one in which the attacker
replaces the gateway address to point to a node under the attacker's
control. The attacker then either replaces the public key or removes
it. If the public key were removed, then the attacker could provide
an accurate public key of its own in a second record.
This second form creates a simple man-in-the-middle attacks since the
attacker can then create a second tunnel to the real destination.
Note that, as before, this requires that the attacker also mount an
active attack against the responder.
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Note that the man-in-the-middle cannot just forward cleartext packets
to the original destination. While the destination may be willing to
speak in the clear, replying to the original sender, the sender will
already have created a policy expecting ciphertext. Thus, the
attacker will need to intercept traffic in both directions. In some
cases, the attacker may be able to accomplish the full intercept by
use of Network Address/Port Translation (NAT/NAPT) technology.
This attack is easier than the first one because the attacker does
NOT need to be on the end-to-end forwarding path. The attacker need
only be able to modify DNS replies. This can be done by packet
modification, by various kinds of race attacks, or through methods
that pollute DNS caches.
If the end-to-end integrity of the IPSECKEY RR is suspect, the end
client MUST restrict its use of the IPSECKEY RR to cases where the RR
owner name matches the content of the gateway field. As the RR owner
name is assumed when the gateway field is null, a null gateway field
is considered a match.
Thus, any records obtained under unverified conditions (e.g., no
DNSSEC or trusted path to source) that have a non-null gateway field
MUST be ignored.
This restriction eliminates attacks against the gateway field, which
are considered much easier, as the attack does not need to be on the
forwarding path.
In the case of an IPSECKEY RR with a value of three in its gateway
type field, the gateway field contains a domain name. The subsequent
query required to translate that name into an IP address or IPSECKEY
RR will also be subject to man-in-the-middle attacks. If the
end-to-end integrity of this second query is suspect, then the
provisions above also apply. The IPSECKEY RR MUST be ignored
whenever the resulting gateway does not match the QNAME of the
original IPSECKEY RR query.
5. IANA Considerations
This document updates the IANA Registry for DNS Resource Record Types
by assigning type 45 to the IPSECKEY record.
This document creates two new IANA registries, both specific to the
IPSECKEY Resource Record:
This document creates an IANA registry for the algorithm type field.
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Values 0, 1, and 2 are defined in Section 2.4. Algorithm numbers 3
through 255 can be assigned by IETF Consensus (see RFC 2434 [5]).
This document creates an IANA registry for the gateway type field.
Values 0, 1, 2, and 3 are defined in Section 2.3. Gateway type
numbers 4 through 255 can be assigned by Standards Action (see RFC
2434 [5]).
6. Acknowledgements
My thanks to Paul Hoffman, Sam Weiler, Jean-Jacques Puig, Rob
Austein, and Olafur Gudmundsson, who reviewed this document
carefully. Additional thanks to Olafur Gurmundsson for a reference
implementation.
7. References
7.1. Normative References
[1] Mockapetris, P., "Domain names - concepts and facilities", STD
13, RFC 1034, November 1987.
[2] Mockapetris, P., "Domain names - implementation and
specification", STD 13, RFC 1035, November 1987.
[3] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement
Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
[4] Eastlake 3rd, D. and C. Kaufman, "Domain Name System Security
Extensions", RFC 2065, January 1997.
[5] Narten, T. and H. Alvestrand, "Guidelines for Writing an IANA
Considerations Section in RFCs", BCP 26, RFC 2434, October 1998.
[6] Josefsson, S., "The Base16, Base32, and Base64 Data Encodings",
RFC 3548, July 2003.
7.2. Informative References
[7] Piper, D., "The Internet IP Security Domain of Interpretation
for ISAKMP", RFC 2407, November 1998.
[8] Eastlake 3rd, D., "Domain Name System Security Extensions", RFC
2535, March 1999.
[9] Eastlake 3rd, D., "DSA KEYs and SIGs in the Domain Name System
(DNS)", RFC 2536, March 1999.
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[10] Eastlake 3rd, D., "RSA/SHA-1 SIGs and RSA KEYs in the Domain
Name System (DNS)", RFC 3110, May 2001.
[11] Massey, D. and S. Rose, "Limiting the Scope of the KEY Resource
Record (RR)", RFC 3445, December 2002.
[12] Thomson, S., Huitema, C., Ksinant, V., and M. Souissi, "DNS
Extensions to Support IP Version 6", RFC 3596, October 2003.
Author's Address
Michael C. Richardson
Sandelman Software Works
470 Dawson Avenue
Ottawa, ON K1Z 5V7
CA
EMail: mcr@sandelman.ottawa.on.ca
URI: http://www.sandelman.ottawa.on.ca/
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